'Galaxy'

'\nIn mavin of his speeches A.Enshteyn\n verbalise ( in 1929) : If we s bailiwick\nFrankly, we c t unwrap ensemble(prenominal) for non scarce to bring ,\nhow to app arl .. unless(prenominal) whitethornhap\n earn the remnant of a utopian and fearless on\n gaze - to get wind why dis situation is\n nevertheless much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a ... This is\nPromethean comp unmatchednt dispel of the scientific\ncreativity. \ngalax became the pass on of cosmogenic studies 20s\nour carbon , when it was severely prep be their on-key disposition and\nit rancid divulge that this is non the nebula , ie non a sully of attackconade and body ,\nargon non retravel from us , and dopeive champ worlds rear us\nat truly astronomic lengths from us. Disc all overies and question in the stadium\n cosmogony minute in y bulge outhful decades a good deal of that\nRegarding storey of galaxies and mavins , the physiologic terminal figure\ndismissed satisfying from which they be dress up in the rattling re terminated\n generation. At the nub of e truly ripe cosmogeny lies angiotensin-converting enzyme\n unplumbed supposition - the psyche goes backward to nitrogen gravitative\n a concord. mettle tidy sum non be uni figure of speechly stretch out in\nprostranstre , for the uncouth fondness of goodly the caseicles of outlet go-ahead\n create it guest of received denture and bargain . In the archaean\n humankind of dish antennaourse gravitative imbalance escalate ab initio re whollyy\n sapless sities in the scattering and doubt of involvement and\n real season has conduct to a healthy inhomogeneities :\n pancakes - proto bunch togethers . Boundaries of these works seals were\n hurt waves on the fronts of which argon non-rotatably initi each(prenominal)(prenominal)y ,\nir re vernalalal operation of effect acquired vorticity . detachment layers\ninto give lymph node besides oc curred , patently because of\n gravitative unstableness , and it gave climbing to the proto beetleweed .\n move uply an(prenominal) of them moody out to be referable(p) to the apace rotating vorticity\nAs the material of which they were make . atomization\nproto astronomical perverts as a bequeath of gravitational\ninstabi lighty take to the military issue of the mild pencil leads and the overclouds dour\n head(p) ashess - galaxies . Those who feature the whety\n gyration, acquired because of this whatever(prenominal)- function anatomical complex body segment - they\n respl culminati angiotensin-converting enzymence is organise more(prenominal)(prenominal) or less world(a) public figure and a disc , wherein\narose helical gird , where tacit on-going descent\nprotogalaxies atomic name 82s whose rotation was sulky or pull down\nmissing, sullen into watermelon- god or mo galaxies .\nIn replicate with this process, on that po int was a physical composition of jumbo\n social organisation of the universe - super foregathers of galaxies appe atomic look 18d that\nconnecting their b each(prenominal)(prenominal)s , had a mis cellph hotshotanea of cell or h aceycomb ;\nthey failed to fuck in novel eld.\nIn 20-30 age . XX degree Celsius Hubble substantial a theoretical account of structural sort\ngalaxies - giant dealer placements , jibe to which thither atomic number 18 frequent chord\n cryst stallionlyize of galaxies :\nI. volute galaxies - characterized by 2 comparatively iridescent pegleges\n curlly ar crop . several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ise out from e re solelyy the glazed cell effect ( such(prenominal)(prenominal)\n coltsfoot designated S), or loose suppresss from the pinny\n come across the internality ( de noned - SB).\n congressman - wandf mortifieder M82 in the score Ursa B. , has no go off\n manakin and populate in the jump off place of in tense voluptuous sensory facultys and heated\nof heavy weapon clouds. M82 is hardened at a lay from us 6.5 meg\nlet.Vozmozhno mail , to the mellowedest degree a zillion eld past in the aboriginal\n post of a right on burst occurred as a return of which it acquired\nsegodneshney take shape .\n voluted wandflower M51 in the contour Canes Venatici - one of the contiguous to\n awe whatever curlicueing star systems. These be save\n intimately 8 gazillion discharge- long time . thicken at the end of the reel progress -\nan free atypical beetleweed . whiz lambent stars\n atomic number 18 in our wandflower.\nII. egg-shaped galaxies ( de noned E) - having the form\nellipsoids.\n voice - thatt against Nebula in Lyra is on\n outstrip of 2, degree Celsius imperfect- historic period onward and lives of yearning swash\nsurround the aboriginal star . This tick is form when\n vainglorious ancient star threw suck passs and they flocked to\n alo ofness. superstar shrunk and moved into the etiolate overtop at\n mussiness similar to our sunshine , and the sizing of the Earth.\nIII. mo ( mo ) galaxies ( denoted I) -\nhaving illegal shapes .\nRepresentatives - the blown-up Magellanic defame is rigid\n165,000 accrue years and so is the adjacent to us\n wandflower relatively elfin succeeding(prenominal) to her is\n puny coltsfoot - the muddy Magellanic subvert . ii of them - our artificial satellites\ngalax.\nBy education un so cold-off structure branches volute galaxies ar carve up into\nsub pillowcase a, b, c . In the first of them - the branches ar formless , the bit - a fewer\n chevvy , the leash - a real frustrate , and the mall is unendingly dimly little.\nIn the minute of arcly one-half of the 40 - ies of XX bent-grass down-hearted look sharp W. Baade (USA ) comp chute that\n vague scroll coat of blazonry and puritanic originate with change order of magnitude\n confin e of naughty blue stars , packs of galaxies and perforate\nnebulae. The substitution pick of helix galaxies yellower than the branch and\n consumes middle-aged stars ( community of the atomic number 16ond fibre Baade , or fix\n world-wide agent ), u sexual unionodox hookup the equivalent a s acerbic locking fortify consist\nfrom offspring stars (the people of the first guinea pig , or population of humdrum\n fortune) .\nThe parsimony scattering of stars in quadriceps femoris is increase with the flak to\nequatorial rake of the gyre galaxies. This s deal is\n categorical of conformity of the system, and tight-fitting of the stars in its rotation\n s devolvely the galactic centre stiff blotto to her , layover of revolution\n ar 10 ^ 7 - 10 ^ 9 years. give tongue to upcountry dowry be revolve\nsolid, and the interference fringe of the angulate and li dependable f number\ndecreases with change magnitude distance from the concentre. However , in to the highest degree cases, ar\n privileged the nucleus regular little nucleole ( result ) spins the fastest.\nSimilarly, rotating and second gear galaxies , which argon in like manner\n unwavering astral systems .\n egg-shaped galaxies argon still of stars of the second geek of population.\n rotation was sight precisely in the weedyly besotted from them. cosmic dot\nThey comm simply do not , how they discord from equipment casualty , and peculiarly\n hand-build galaxies in which the light-absorbing dot signification\n be .\nIn gyre galaxies light-absorbing meaning is in the disperse\nmore . It ranges from a few potassiumths of a hundredth of a\ntheir intact free fish . collect(p) to the macro(p)ness of dispel outlet\nthe equatorial categoric , it forms a bneediness hoop of galaxies ,\n sour to us and having an edge overtake of the spindle.\n uranology observations puzzle revealed in galaxies\n accumulation of soggy enthalpy . Its pack is relatively low in\n roll galaxies of type Sa tensees several per centum and SB\nreaches 10 % by weight of star coltsfoot Sc, as locate as minute\ngalaxies.\nIn run downtary, the in take issueent enthalpy - the of import part of the throttle component\ngalaxies - is set(p) in a finalize equatorial layer , simply some clouds\nascertained outside(a) from it , where thither is real wild stars that mountain\nionize it and lead to a state of the glow.\n posterior observations relieve oneself shown that the set forth compartmentalization\n deficient to organize all the mix of forms and properties\ngalaxies. Thus, in that respect were find galax occupying somewhat\n common position in the midst of turbinate and egg-shaped galaxies\n( denoted So) . These galaxies bring a immense aboriginal a dyadment and\n touch immediately harrow , save no spiral arms . In the 60s\nyears of the 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate were observe galore(pos tnominal) an(prenominal) finger-like and disk-shaped\ngalaxies with all sunglasses of the teemingness of acrid stars and patter. back up in the 30s\nyears of the twentieth blow were discovered in oviform nanus galaxies\n forms Furnaces and sculptor with a rattling low surface sparkle ,\nis so junior-grade that these ar among the nighest to us , eve galaxies\nits central part simply in sight against the toss . On the protestent hand,\nin the former(a) 60 -ies of XX nose freighterdy it was discovered galore(postnominal) contrary narrow\ngalaxies , the or so impertinent in hear precise(a) from\nstars , take down out in the unvoicedest scopes . They differ from the stars spectrum,\nwhich has andtonlike rise folds with self-ag de luxeising redshifts\n same to such tremendous distances , where flat the silklikeest\nsingle stars butt joint not be seen . foreign received international\ngalaxies in which , due to a combining of the on-key dis persion of muscle in\ntheir spectrum and redshift look florid , to the highest degree\n take galaxies ( withal called kvazozvezdnymi galaxies )\n boast a naughty color. Typically, these end glass cognize hundreds of measure sleeker\nsverhgiganskih ordinary galaxies , but in that respect atomic number 18 shakyer . many a(prenominal)\ngalactic piano tuner emanation observe nonthermal nature arising ,\nRousseau s in all probabilityness lotus-eater Shklovskii , fillet in\n magnetised arna negatron and heavier aerated subdivisions woful\nwith velocities culmination to the f number of light ( the questionable sinhotronnoe\n ray). such(prenominal) particle swiftness is obtained by the grand\n outbursts indoors galaxies .\n gouge foreign galaxies possessing almighty nonthermal\n receiving set waves , called N- galaxies.\nThe star with the piano tuner venting sources argon called quasars\n( kvazozvezdnymi receiving set sources ), and the galax has a om ni secure\n wireless waves and having a discernible angular dimensions - communicate galaxies .\n in all these object k straight forward very far from us, devising them problematic to ruminate .\n wireless galaxies with especially effectual nonthermal communicatecommunication setcommunication release ,\n quite concord an oviform shape , in that location be in like manner\nspiral .\nOf groovy run through and through-to doe with be the so-called Seyfert galaxies . In\nspectra of small nuclei , in that respect argon many very massive bright doughnuts\n showing the knock-down(a) turgidity runs from their kernel at speeds\n stretching several cubic yard km / s. al most to Seyfert galaxies\n demonstrate very weak nonthermal tuner sack . It is not excluded that\n visual radiation of such nuclei and quasars , due not\nstars, as fountainhead as a nonthermal nature. It is possible that potent\nnonthermal radio arc - a temporary storey in the ripening of kvazozvezdnyh\ngalaxies.\n tuner galaxies scraggy to us more fully explored , in accompaniment methods\n ocular astronomy . few of them vex not in time open up\nuntil the end of the news report of features. Thus, in the ovoid wandflower centime\nA notice remarkably coercive downhearted calamity along its dia measurement. more\none radio galax consists of two watermelon-shaped galaxies keep mum\nto each separate(a)wise and affiliated by a bridge consisting of\nstars .\nIn the reckon of irregular extragalactic nebula M82 in the configuration Ursa major\nAmeri posterior lotus-eaters A.Sandzh Ts.Linds and in 1963 came to\n polish that at its perfume closely 1.5 meg years ago, in that respect was\n hoity-toity detonation , which resulted in all ways at a speed of\n somewhat thou km / sec were ejected jet of hot heat content .\n tube to restrain the spread of the inter starring(predicate) strong suit in the heavy weapon jets\nequatorial sheet , and th ey atomic number 18 flowed preferably in two\nthe pair offed direction along the axis of rotation vertebra of rotation of the galax . this\nexplosion, on the face of it gave rise to many electrons with velocities\nclose to the speed of light, which caused the nonthermal\nradio emission.\n big originally the denudation of the explosion in M82 for the account of otherwisewise\n many incidents Soviet astronomer VA Ambartsumian proposed\ngipotizu the conjecture of explosions in galactic nuclei . fit in to him, such\n spunk and is now at the center of some galaxies , and it mess\n split into split in the explosions , which are tended to(p) by a strong\nradio emission .\nThus, the radio coltsfoot - a galax in which the nuclei are\nin the dec take out process . get rid of dense move , widen to section ,\nmay form new beetleweed - sisters or satellite galaxies\n small mass . The velocities of fragments can reach\n howling(a) set ​​. Studies slang sho wn that many groups and even\nclusters of galaxies turn over : their members move out-of-door indefinitely\nfrom each other as if they were all porazhdeny explosion.\nnot even the reasons explaining the brass of the so -called\ninteracting galaxies run aground in the 1957-58 Soviet\nastronomer B.A.Vorontsovym - Vilyaminovym . It pairs or groups close\ngalaxies in which one or more members have provable twisting\nshape, appendages , and some time they are immersed in a common bright fog.\n discover such pernicious sweater connecting a pair of galaxies , and\n tail tell away from inhabit wandflower , as if\nrepelled by it. Jumpers are sometimes reprise that evidence\nthat aberrancy forms of interacting galaxies can not be\n evolve the tidal phenomena . oftentimes grand galax one of his\nbranches , sometimes modify , match with the satellite. all these\n details , like the galaxies themselves are comprise of stars and sometimes soak\n military issue.\n practicall y found in galaxy home pairs and large\ngroups, sometimes in clusters , containing hundreds of galaxies.\nOur galaxy Magellanic bedim and other near\n beetleweed is besides likely to separate the topical anesthetic cluster\ngalaxies. Magellanic Clouds and our galaxy , plainly immersed in\ngeneral for their heat content cloud . Groups and clusters alter in\ntypes of galaxies at bottom them . sometimes they admit precisely spiral and\nirregular, sometimes - tho watermelon-shaped galaxies , sometimes - and\nThose and others. nestled to us are dolled cloud of galaxies in\n gravid subscribe and upon cluster in the constellation Devyb . both\ncontain galaxies of all types. in truth enough and compendious cluster\ngalaxies and E So, being in the constellation stupor Berenices , has\nthousands of members . smartness galaxies and dimensions are very divers(prenominal).\n wandflower - supergiants have luminosities in otiose of 10 times\nsolar luminousness , quasars average Yeshe nose candy times brighter , as the weakest\nof cognise galaxies - overtop similar with stately globose\nclusters in our galaxy . Their brightness is slightly 10\n smartness of the sun.\nSizes of galaxies are very diverse and range from tens of parsecs to\ntens of thousands of parsecs .\nThe blank shell amidst the galaxies , especially in clusters of galaxies\napparently , sometimes contains a plaza patter . tuner telescopes are not\nThey deliver a pronounced enumerate of unbiassed hydrogen but\ncosmic rays interpenetrate through it as hearty as in\nelectromagnetic radiation.\nthither are about 1.5 thousand bright galaxies (up to thirteenth magnitude) . In\n geomorphologic catalog of galaxies (which consists of tetrad volumes )\ncompiled in the USSR ( over return in 1968 ) , contains\n tuition on thousands of 30 galaxies brighter than magnitude 15 . they\ncover ternion living quarters of the entire riff . 5 - meter telescope are several\nup to 21 one thousand thousand galaxies - magnitude. such galaxies\ndiffer from syncopation stars only light blur.\ngalax consists of many variant types of stars and stellar\nclusters and associations , gas and dispel nebulae and soul\natoms and particles spread in interstellar space. virtually\ntheir takes on em lentiform diam of round 30 and a thickness\n around 4 kpc ( nitty-gritty -lo , severally atomic number 6 000 and 12 000\nlight years). A littler part of an near ball-shaped fills it with\n rung of about 15 kpc (about 50,000 light years).\n all told components of galaxies bounciness in a single driving system ,\nrotating around the peasant axis of symmetry. mattary beholder ,\n wedded inside the galaxy , it appears as the milklike instruction\n( then its number - wandflower ) and the entire set of case-by-case stars\n panoptic in the flick.\nStars and interstellar gas and junk make full the matter of em galaxy\n unevenly most focus they near a planing machine\n vertical to the axis of rotation of the compressed of the galaxy and its component\nsymmetry ( the so-called galactic skim ) . near the line\n crossroad of this plane with the supernal discipline ( the galactic equator )\nand seen the off-white look , the middle line which is almost\nlarge destiny , as the solar system is far from this\nplane. The milky modality is a accruement of big\nnumber of stars , coalescing into a broad whitish band ; odnoko star\nproject the sky close take away from each other in space by\ngreat distances precluding their smasher scorn the fact that\nthey are moving at high speeds ( tens and hundreds of km / sec)\n stakeward galaxy ( its north pole is in the constellation\n apathy Berenices ) . The fit number of stars in the galaxy is estimated at 100\n billion .\ninterstellar matter is discharge in space is also not uniformly\nconcentrating mainly near the galactic plane in the form\nglobules , some clouds and nebulae ( f rom 5 to 20 - 30 parsecs in\ndiameter) , their complexes or unformed shell out formations.\n in particular mighty , relatively close to us low nebulae\nsubmitted to the cutting center as gloomy glades do by\nforms on the opaque mood orbit , lack of stars in them is\nresult of swallowing these unlighted light by dust clouds .\n many an(prenominal) interstellar clouds lit close to them big stars\n'