Thought and Man

As indicated by Holbach, people have no control at all, regardless of what amount said people accept they do. He clarifies that choice is a develop of the human brain and that the entirety of our decisions are dictated by want and need. In any event, when a psycho puts his deliver a fire, he is following up on a type of more prominent want to put forth for his partners or for his own self-improvement. In his initial testimony he expresses that man is associated with all inclusive nature and submitted to the vital and permanent laws she forces on all creatures. This is fascinating in light of the fact that numerous contentions that are associated with the possibility of determinism and through and through freedom are connected to the presence of God or another omniscient force. This is one of the main very much clarified contentions against the conviction of through and through freedom that doesn’t fit monumental individual religion onto the peruser/researcher examining the work. The models gave by Holbach are wide and solid and steady to loan importance to his contention. He begins discussing a man tormented by a vicious thirst, whenever said man is indicated water he will consequently need to drink it, as it is a natural requirement for that water to live. He will anyway vacillate and consider not drinking the water if somebody somehow happened to reveal to him it were harmed. Holbach covers any clashing musings to this circumstance by saying that a crazy person might just despite everything drink of the harmed water. He isn't acting willingly as the activities of boneheads are as vital as those of the most judicious individual nearly set to be balances that hold the world in balance. Holbach proceeds on saying that the activities of man are rarely free. Man acts egotistically in each activity he participates in, he makes genuinely instructed choices over what he should do however as he puts together the entirety of his choices with respect to assessments, got thoughts, results of his demeanor that point to his own joy. As we said in class about the entryway holding circumstance, you might not have any desire to hold an entryway open for somebody that is following behind you around three stages. It just removes a second from your day, yet the underlying idea of any individual opening the entryway first, is what will this individual accomplish for me in the event that I keep the door open for them? Regardless of whether the individual didn’t figure what will I get now, there’s the inborn conviction of karma and the repercussions that will come to pass for either the opener or the individual the entryway is being opened for. Indeed, even as we are given clear decisions in our consistently lives, for example, regardless of whether to hold open an entryway for somebody or to drink harmed water or not, however even these watched decisions don’t mean e have opportunity. We are continually in quest for our own satisfaction and accomplishment over anybody else’s. We endeavor to cause ourselves to show up better than people around us. A legend racing into a consuming structure is following up on similar decisions the defeatist does, he takes the imprudent decision anyway in light of the fact that his longing to be seen as a saint exceeds, in his psyche, his own wellbeing. Holbach proceeds on his conversation to state there is no distinction between a man who bounces from a structure and the man who is pushed from a structure. The two men are following up on similar decisions, regardless of whether to fall or not, in spite of the fact that the second man’s capacity to follow up on the decision not to fall is legitimately related to how hard he is pushed or tossed from the structure. The primary man might be jumping independently and may not scramble to take hold of whatever will slow or stop his evident death. The subsequent man will most likely be settling on his own decisions once he’s air conceived by doing only that, taking hold of anything in his way as he falls and shouting his lungs out. The man who holds his deliver a fire as an image of fortitude and quality of his kin has his decisions about whether or not to be in the fire. He anyway does it to make his kin look more grounded, striking apprehension or veneration into the hearts of his adversaries. When you perceive he’s doing this for the advancement of his kin or of himself we can start to acknowledge exactly what Holbach is attempting to state, that regardless of what decisions we are confronted with, we will quite often, without respect for the other decision, do what’s best for us and only us. A decision that is obvious in this here and now is the out striking of self destruction planes. These individuals have a decision of either exploding themselves or not. The issue is that when these individuals are Middle Eastern they are normally guaranteed 72 virgins when they arrive at their guaranteed land. That’s a really profound choice and most folks would execute for that, actually in the feeling of this conversation. When you offer prizes to abnormal conduct you’re setting up the world for decimation. It changes the profound quality issue a great many people contend with on if something is acceptable or fiendish by supplanting it with hello, it might be bad, however I get so much cool stuff on the off chance that I do it! The former contention just works with male self destruction planes anyway as I probably am aware a ton of young ladies who wouldn’t appreciate having 72 virgins in life following death. The men unquestionably show signs of improvement part of the arrangement. It makes one miracle what the attitude of the female aircraft is, improve in the great beyond too for obliging this ‘decision’? r is the demonstration of the self destruction plane in the female’s eyes really a decision and not something accomplished for the improvement of herself with the exception of the way that it makes her evidently an equivalent to the men in her nation. That answers my own doubt over their decisions. Most ladies in the Middle East are not permitted to show a ny skin, not to mention do much for themselves while in their own countries. In the event that they are allowed a chance to become seen as a person in her countrymen’s eyes, obviously she will take it. In any event, when it calls for giving one’s life for the clear more prominent great. In any event, when attempting to think of an issue with Holbach’s see, I couldn’t concoct anything significant to hold against it, the more I attempted to battle against his conversation, the more I saw he is right. People are innately egotistical and will consistently do what’s best for themselves over anything for more prominent's benefit. Man has no influence over his choices, he may jump at the chance to figure he does, however when you think back on each choice we’ve ever constructed in our lives we see that our decisions were as a general rule, done out of egotistical reasons. Barely any individuals can go out into the world giving themselves magnanimously and without thought. Regardless of whether we attempt to put forth the cognizant attempt to accomplish something useful for somebody consistently, that’s just one out of a million decisions we make each day. I’m blameworthy of keeping the door open for somebody following a couple of steps behind me however I get bothered when they don’t state thank you to me as they cruise by, and I do imagine that Karma will treat me well later in my day and life for each time I do set aside the effort to hold an entryway for somebody, or get a pencil somebody has dropped, or some other wellspring of regular happenings.

Medieval baghdad

Europe there was the Saxons, the Vikings and the franks, these were the three sides of contention. Europe was loaded up with brutality, ignorant individuals, odd notion and no clinical information. They despite everything accepted that illness was brought about by fiendish spirits or god(s).. The Islamic realm can uncover a regard for information from all societies; this made it critical. In their emergency clinics and drug stores they would let anybody practice as a specialist. Likewise they would leave anybody alone a patient regardless of what culture, nation or religion. This uncovers the Islamic domain was strictly tolerant.It likewise is surprising as the researchers were the main individuals to construct emergency clinics with various wards for various sicknesses. The researchers likewise gathered information from all nations and religions since it didn't what race you are, on the off chance that you have new information it was significant. They gathered information from India , china, Greece, Italy, everywhere throughout the realm: in actuality it would take somebody an entire year to go from one side of the domain to the next. This shows they were happy to surrender in any event a time of their opportunity to gather knowledge.Medieval Baghdad ought to be associated with the commitment it made to our lives today. The researchers revelations in medication are as yet pertinent today as they were the primary individuals to do confounded medical procedures. This incorporates cesareans and eye medical procedures. What was wonderful was the way that they had a 60% achievement rate on the eye medical procedures. Our insight into restorative practices would not be progressed in the event that it were not for them. The researchers assembled data like another method of composing numbers. This implied they could compose all the numbers from O to unendingness with just 10 humbly.The individual who did this was called AAA-Swarming. Actually we would not have any mode rnized innovation without the numbers O or 1. This brought about change as they found a totally different method Of composing numbers which really made estimations simpler. The format of the city of Baghdad which had twofold dividers and just certain spots that you could enter motivated the structure of the mansions in Europe. Our stronghold would not the equivalent in any capacity whatsoever in the event that it were not for the planners structuring the city of Baghdad.Also they would not have guarded s well in the event that it were not for them either. The explanation we don't recall Baghdad for what it used to be is on the grounds that there is no record of the books they composed or that they gathered the information. Baghdad lost control over its domain as the littler caliphs concluded that they would not like to find out about science, math or cosmology. Individuals called the Mongols pulverized the library which had held the entirety of the books and information that they ha d spent so much time gathering.

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Myths And Fairytales The Bloody Chamber And `` The...

DISCUSS THE VEIW THAT BOTH AUTHORS USE MYTHS AND FAIRYTALES TO REFLECT GENDER EQUALITY Fairy tales and myths, although often cited as children’s stories, rooted in a distant world of magical realism, still form the bedrock of both literary history and cultural consciousness. As Duffy quotes â€Å"a part in our literary DNA.† (from the interview i listened too need to find it to refernce) Yet in most fairytales, such as disney, the works of Perrault, or Grimm, the tales remain governed by an archaic ideology, that do not represent the progressed gender equality of both 20th and 21st century auiences. Both Carter, and Duffy utilise this stigmatised genre to reflect the empowerment of women; the works of â€Å"the bloody chamber† and â€Å"the worlds wife† akin give a new radical voice piece for women in society. However critics of both works question wether the authors have replaced misogyny with misandry, using their work to mock masculinity. One way in which both authors do reflect gender equality is through carving a new role in fairytales, â€Å"the Independent woman.† Women within traditional fairytales tend to fall into 3 sub categories; the vulnerable victim, damsel in distress, or the pretty prize for the male hero(1). All three portraying women as reliant on men, lacking personality or pragmatism, illustrating the out-dated view of women as belonging to a male. In the Bloody Chamber most of Carters female characters explore the notion of a female identity

Compare Contrast Cereals Essay - 915 Words

Yajayra Barajas English 450 Professor Coronado February 27, 2012 Kellogg’s frosted mini wheat’s bite size VS Stater Brother’s bite size frosted shredded wheat When Kellogg’s Frosted Mini Wheat’s was compared to the Stater Brother’s version named Stater Bros. Bite Size Frosted Shredded Wheat, I came to the conclusion that Kellogg’s was the best over all option. Advertisement, cost of product, ingredients, nutrition facts, appearance and taste of the cereals were all taken into consideration when comparing and contrasting both of the products. Advertisement and cost of the product are one of the first things I look at when selecting a box of cereal. While walking down the cereal†¦show more content†¦Kellogg’s mini wheat’s contained these ingredients; whole grain wheat, sugar, brown rice syrup, gelatin and BHT which was added for freshness. A single serving of Kellogg’s cereal with 1/2 cup of skim milk contained 230 Calories, 10 Calories from fat, 1g of Total fat, 0g Saturated fat, 0g Trans fat, 0.5g Polyunsaturated fat, 0g Monounsaturated fat, 0mg Cholesterol, 0mg of Sodium 0mg, 200mg of Potassium, 46g of Total carbohydrate, 6g of Dietary fiber, 11g of sugar and 5g of protein. The cereal also had Vitamins A and C, Calcium, Iron, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B12, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Zinc and Copper. Compared to Stater Brother’s bite size cereal, which contained these ingredients; whole grain wheat, sugar, gelatin ferric orthophosphate, niacin amide, zinc oxide and BHT, whi ch was added for freshness. A single serving of Stater Bros. bite size cereal with 1/2 cup of skim milk contained 230 Calories, 10 Calories from fat, 1g of Total fat, 0g Saturated fat, 0g Trans fat, 0.5g of Polyunsaturated fat, 0g of Monounsaturated fat, 0mg of Cholesterol, 0mg of Sodium, 180 mg of Potassium, 46g of Total carbohydrate, 5g of Dietary fiber, 11g of sugar and 5g of protein. The cereal also had; Vitamins A and C, Calcium, Iron, Thiamin,Show MoreRelated Lesson Plan Essay675 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To be able to compare/contrast the values of calories, fat content, carbohydrates, etc., in nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;different cereal brands and list them nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To be able to graph the results of their comparison/contrasting on a bar graph nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To be able to apply this information to identify which cereal is healthiest/least healthy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To be able to design a cereal, box and toy of theirRead MoreCereal At The Store Study1325 Words   |  6 PagesDouglas Ross Harry Payne 4/14/2015 Cereal at the Store Study Introduction Breakfast cereal is a commonly eaten food in the United States. According to the website CEEREAL of the European breakfast cereal Association, the first ever cereal was granola which was invented by James Caleb Jackson in 1863 who was the operator of the Jackson Sanitarian in the state of New York (Ceereal). It would not catch on due to the long prep time needed to make the cereal edible. In 1889 two brothers W.K.Read MoreEssay On Seed Policy In Bangladesh849 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferences in private sectors’ response to seed policy reforms and its impact on crop productivity an understanding of the characteristics of various crop segments is necessary. 4.2 Cereal seed sector in Bangladesh Rice accounts for more than 75% of gross cropped area, 92% of the annual grain production, and 94% of the cereals consumed in Bangladesh (BBS, 2010). Hence increasing rice yields, to maintain a stable price, is essential to ensure food security in the country. Rice cultivation in BangladeshRead MoreThe Product Hierarchy, Need Family, Product And Product818 Words   |  4 Pagesqualities an example of product type would be clothes that has the same label or brand name (Kotler Keller, 2012). The final product hierarchy level is the item stage. Item depicts a particular segment within a particular type of product. Compare and contrast product mix and product assortment. Product mix and product assortment are at times used interchangeably. The mix dictates the quantity of different product positions that are introduced to customers. Companies operate their product mix fromRead MoreCoffee Is A Natural Habit For Any Italian Person885 Words   |  4 Pagesprobably because, as my father said, of my young age. Children are more sensitive towards strong flavors, and at that time it’s bitterness really made me feel sick. For years after that experience I ignored coffee as an ailment, and I was used to eat cereal in the morning. However, this situation ended up when I was twelve years old. Some of my friends were drinking coffee at that age, and that was considered something cool, something for a true man. So for these childish reason I decided to give itRead MoreDrinking Coffee Is A Natural Habit For Any Italian Person887 Words   |  4 Pagesprobably because, as my father said, of my young age. Children are more sensitive towards strong flavors, a nd at that time its bitterness really made me feel sick. For several years after that experience I ignored coffee as an ailment, and I would eat cereal in the morning. However, this situation ended when I was twelve years old. Some of my friends were drinking coffee at that age, and that was considered something cool, something for a true man. So for these childish reasons I decided to give it aRead MoreCoffee Is The Real Coffee900 Words   |  4 Pagesprobably because, as my father said, of my young age. Children are more sensitive towards strong flavors, and at that time its bitterness really made me feel sick. For several years after that experience I ignored coffee as an ailment, and I would eat cereal in the morning. However, this situation ended when I was twelve years old. Some of my friends were drinking coffee at that age, and that was considered something cool, something for a true man. So for these childish reasons I decided to give it aRead MoreThe Pathology and Phases of Acute Renal Failure1126 Words   |  4 PagesSudden blockage of urine flow caused by BPH, injury, kidney stones and bladder tumor. 2. What diagnostic exams would be used to diagnose acute renal failure? How do these tests change as renal failure progresses through its 3 stages? Discuss, compare and contrast 3 stages. In order to diagnose patients with acute renal failure we need to do some exams or diagnostics tests including GFR, urine specific gravity, urinalysis, and check for proteinuria, for blood test we have BUN and creatinine, potassiumRead More The yellow wallpaper1049 Words   |  5 Pages Using examples from all of the texts from this specific unit compare and contrast the conflicts that drive these struggles of the main characters. Look for similarities and look for differences within those similarities. Look for differences and look for similarities within those differences. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the story â€Å"The yellow wall paper† the main character struggles due to her husband oppression and she suffers herself until getting mental ill. She is put by her husband onRead More(M2) Compare the Challenges to Selected Business Activities Within a Selected Organisation, in Two Different Economic Environments1255 Words   |  6 Pages(M2) Compare the challenges to selected business activities within a selected organisation, in two different economic environments. It is very common in large businesses to expand abroad but there are a lot of factors to be considered when planning to start operation in a different country as countries differ depending on their background, policies, infrastructure and stability. In this report I will compare the challenges to business activities within Tesco Plc. In two different economic environments:

Management In Accounting And Professional -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management In Accounting And Professional? Answer: Introduction Artificial intelligence is the concept where human intelligence processes are simulated by machines, typically computer system. It is basically an attempt to create artificial systems that possess intelligent behaviour. The development of AI is taking place quite quickly an in business world, AI is enabling the businesses to function smartly and efficiently. With the development of advanced technologies in several areas, the business entities are looking for more powerful, unique and sophisticated business solutions to improve and streamline their processes. Artificial intelligence encompasses numerous technologies such as machine learning, robotics, knowledge reasoning, natural language processing, cognitive computing and computer visions are few of its main branches. Many industries have started implementing some or the other applications of AI into their regular processes. However, the potential of AI applications is yet to be realised by businesses. The concept of artificial inte lligence is still being developed to design such applications which can readily form their decisions without any human intervention. The organisations which are looking forward to make use of AI opportunities are required to continuously monitor its development and has to ensure the availability of appropriate technical infrastructure that supports its implementation. The development would not replace the human operators in the near future however it will enable organisations to do much more with its innovativeness. Impact of artificial intelligence on accounting profession Artificial intelligence enables the machines especially computers to perform tasks that are decision based and which were performed by humans previously. One of the main branch of AI, named as machine based learning is progressively making the analysis procedures improved and simplified based on which various decisions are made in the businesses (Ranjan, 2009). The adoption of artificial intelligence tools and techniques in businesses helps the managers to improve the overall operational efficiency and productivity of business. Every enterprise has to perform various functions to conduct its business. Accounting is one of such important function that is undertaken in almost every organisation whether small or large ones. The term accounting has a wide scope and covers various types of accounting such as management accounting, financial accounting etc. Accountants of the business organisations have been using the tools and techniques of artificial intelligence since last many years wi th the intention of improving their functioning and adding more values to the businesses. The ultimate purpose of accounting profession is to improve the decision making capability of the company regarding the investment decisions. Accountants are expected to provide appropriate advise to their clients that helps them in their decision making process about the resource allocations. The use of artificial intelligence systems in accounting profession aids the accountants to use radically different and advanced approach to fulfil the ultimate objective of their profession. The accountants are appointed to report to the stakeholders of the company about the financial outcomes of the business of employing organisation. The investors and providers of finance need to gain trust and confidence about the companys financial performance before lending their funds and hence accountants are accountable to them. To fulfil their responsibility, accountants need to apply their core competencies and skills while reporting to company such stakeholders. The use of AI tools enables prompt availability of accurate financial results as and when such information is required. The implementation of AI technology in accountancy profession has helped in automating the tedious tasks of data entry thereby allowing the accountants to create better insights from the improved analysis of data (Alles, Kogan, Vasarhelyi, 2000). Deployment of artificial intelligence does not only emphasises on the accuracy and speedier processing of accounting and financial information but it also releases them to focus on other valuable tasks such as problem solving, strategic decision making and other decision making (Chandi, 2017). AI is continuously being developed by several accounting firms to interpret and analyse accurately the huge volumes of data in real time. It performs more analytic and sophisticated calculations and computations that supports the decision making regarding significant business aspects (The accounting strategic IT Conference, 2018). The auditors of companies are using AI tools which have natural language processing capabilities for the purpose of interp reting the contracts and deeds that they have to examine during the course of their professional engagements. The accountants role is also changing with the evolution of AI system (Ovaska-Few, 2017). They are required to be more skilled to utilise the opportunities provided by artificial intelligence such as they might require good knowledge of techniques of machine learning. Also, they are required to apply more critical thinking by adopting innovative ways of thinking and to enhance the communication skills ((ICAEW, 2017). Opportunities from Artificial intelligence The introduction of AI system has automated the general accounting functions at basic level but the use of more developed and sophisticated artificial intelligence tools will facilitate the automation of higher level accounting function. It will bring more employment opportunities for the white-collar workers of the organisations as technological advancement is continuing to gain the pace these days. AI will also enhance the audit quality as it improves the efficiency of accountants in their functioning (Zhao, Yen Chang, 2004). Therefore, the accountants in the audit team will experience the major boon in their professions because of advanced artificial intelligence platforms. Moreover, AI will also support remote working due to the digitisation of work using such technologies. The other opportunities from AI that are on their way, are being discussed below: Analytics calculation: The analysis of financial results of the company has always been an area of due concern for the management as well as the accountants. Such analysis requires higher degree of accuracy of the calculations performed hereunder. The tools of artificial intelligence will bring more accuracy to the accounting functions due to the automation of such functions. Humans are more prone to errors whether logical or mathematical and with the intervention of machines in the accounting areas, the accurate financial results will be obtained to support the decision making of users (Jones, 2017). Bank reconciliation: Machines like computer systems can easily perform bank reconciliation functions with the automated approach and the increased reliance on machines for improved calculations and reconciliations will free up the accountants to utilise their knowledge, skills and time to the strategic areas of business as they require more inherently human aspects. This will allow the business to create more values for their clients and in handling them in more effective ways (Nemati, Steiger, Iyer Herschel, 2002). Automated invoice categorisation: The machine learning automated software will facilitate categorisation of invoices which is currently undertaken by the accountants (Omoteso, 2012). Innovative applications to manage business finances: The AI is continuously bringing in the tools and applications interfaces to manage the business finance by automatically creating invoices, making revenue projections and determining the status of expenditures made in course of business. Risk assessment: Machine learning techniques will facilitate mapping of risk assessment by extracting data from all the projects that a company will undertake, so that comparison can be made for analysing the financial results (Marr, 2017). Threats from Artificial intelligence Though the evolution of artificial intelligence has brought significant benefits and opportunities for the businesses through its unique and innovative features it has exposed various threats to the businesses and professions. On one side, the AI technologies are positively contributing to improve the accounting function of the businesses whereas on the other side, it is imposing the risk on the jobs of the accountants. The disruptive changes to the business models due to the development and expansion of artificial intelligence systems in the upcoming years may affect the employment scenario (OLeary, 2002). The implementation of artificial intelligence techniques by some of the business organisation may create pressure on other entities as they might have to lose the competitive advantage over those organisations which are investing in such techniques. Moreover, such techniques will be imposing the major threats on the small businesses as they cannot afford to implement such advanced technologies in their businesses due to the funds constraints and in this way it will bring inequality in the development of overall economy. Also, due to the more and comprehensive data availability, the case load for the judgement work involved in auditing will also increase (Chan Vasarhelyi, 2011). Moreover, the introduction of artificial intelligence will require huge amounts to be invested on the training and development of accountants that are performing their accounting profession services traditionally. The accounting departments of the companies will be trimmed out. The lack of requisite knowledge and skills to use the AI tools and implement its techniques in the business will lead to heavy loss of employment of accountants (Sage One, 2016). Moreover, the evolution of AI systems will take the processing of accounting information to the online platform which may be highly exposed to the risks of data loss or corruption or manipulation as a result of cyber-attacks. Therefor e, the use of information technology in the form of artificial intelligence may cause heavy disruption to the business in the events of cyber-attack. Overreliance on the machineries such as computer system involves the risk of inactivity or disruption of overall functioning of business in the event of machinery or system failures. Conclusion The impact of evolution of artificial intelligence techniques has been critically analysed above and it can be ultimately concluded that AI techniques will bring more productivity to the accountants functions and will enable them to help their clients to take effective and improved decision. The role of accountant will not be reduced with the development of AI tools but it will require them to be more skilled and competent to participate in other significant functions that can prosper the business. They will rather have new colleagues i.e. the computer machines to work collaboratively for the provision of better services to their clients. Undoubtedly, the accounting departments of the companies will be shut down and the released capacity of the accountants will be used for strategic initiatives. However, it is necessary to understand that over-reliance on such artificial intelligence tools and techniques involves risk to a great extent as the computer systems may fail any time and th ereby affecting the overall business functioning of the organisation. Recommendations To implement the system of artificial intelligence in the businesses and to reap out maximum benefits of the opportunities provided by AI technologies, the managers must ensure that they have formulated necessary strategies, plans and policies for the implementation of such advanced technologies to the business. The managers must ensure that an adequate strategy in this regard would not only involve planning or arranging the resources to implement AI but to constantly observe and monitor the continuous development of the artificial intelligence. Investment of excessive resources in the implementation of funds could be damaging in case such techniques and tools of AI proves to be ineffective or unsuitable for the business. Moreover, before implementing AI to the significant business function the managers must ensure that the employees of the company have requisite amount of knowledge and competencies to cope up with the use of such advanced technologies in the business and if they do not have such requisites then they must be given adequate training to understand the actual importance and functioning of AI tools. Also before implementing such tools the entity must ensure that it has necessary safeguards and back up plans in case of any failure in the execution of such techniques. References Alles, M., Kogan, A., Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2000). Accounting in 2015.The CPA Journal,70(11), 14. Baldwin, A. A., Brown, C. E., Trinkle, B. S. (2006). Opportunities for artificial intelligence development in the accounting domain: the case for auditing.Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management,14(3), 77-86. Chan, D. Y., Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2011). Innovation and practice of continuous auditing.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,12(2), 152-160. Chandi, N. (2017). How AI Is Reshaping the Accounting Industry. Retrieved on https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2017/07/20/how-ai-is-reshaping-the-accounting-industry/#3e65bd0a37f3. Accessed on 26-01-2018. ICAEW. (2017). Artificial intelligence and the future of accountancy. Retrieved from: https://www.icaew.com/-/media/corporate/files/technical/information-technology/technology/ai-report-web.ashx Accessed on 26-01-2018. Jones, E.L. (2017). The Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) In Accounting. Retrieved from: https://www.accountex.co.uk/implications-artificial-intelligence-ai-accounting/ Accessed on 26-01-2018. Marr, B. (2017). Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence - And the Future of Accounting. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2017/07/07/machine-learning-artificial-intelligence-and-the-future-of-accounting/#461d738f2dd1. Accessed on 26-01-2018. Nemati, H. R., Steiger, D. M., Iyer, L. S., Herschel, R. T. (2002). Knowledge warehouse: an architectural integration of knowledge management, decision support, artificial intelligence and data warehousing.Decision Support Systems,33(2), 143-161. OLeary, D. E. (2002). Knowledge management in accounting and professional services.Researching Accounting as an Information Systems Discipline, 273-283. Omoteso, K. (2012). The application of artificial intelligence in auditing: Looking back to the future.Expert Systems with Applications,39(9), 8490-8495. Ovaska-Few, S. (2017). How artificial intelligence is changing accounting. Journal of accountancy. Retrieved from: https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/newsletters/2017/oct/artificial-intelligence-changing-accounting.html Accessed on 26-01-2018. Ranjan, J. (2009). Business intelligence: Concepts, components, techniques and benefits.Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology,9(1), 60-70. Sage One. (2016). Is artificial intelligence a threat to accountants? Retrieved from: https://www.sageone.co.za/2017/03/16/artificial-intelligence-threat-accountants/ Accessed on 26-01-2018. The accounting strategic IT Conference. (2018). How artificial intelligence will impact accounting. Retrieved from: https://www.alternativeaccountancyit.com/sponsor/artificial-intelligence-will-impact-accounting/ Accessed on 26-01-2018. Turban, E., Sharda, R., Delen, D. (2011).Decision support and business intelligence systems. Pearson Education India. Zhao, N., Yen, D. C., Chang, I. C. (2004). Auditing in the e-commerce era.Information Management Computer Security,12(5), 389-400.

Meteorological Hazards in Aviation

Introduction Throughout its history, the aviation industry has had a close but unpleasant relationship with the vagrancies of weather (Vickers et al., 2001). Indeed, it has been proved that weather is the single largest contributor to delays and a foremost factor in aircraft disasters and incidents, implying that real-time weather information is substantially critical for hazardous weather avoidance in aviation operations (Witiw, Lanier Crooks, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meteorological Hazards in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Weather continues to exact its toll on the aviation sector, particularly when this argument is viewed in the context of past accidents that have been reported in mainstream media as caused by either meteorological hazards or a combination of human factors and weather elements (Broc et al., 2005; World Meteorological Association, 2007). The present paper critically di scusses some of the well known meteorological hazards in the aviation industry. Concept Definition Meteorology has been described as â€Å"†¦the science of the atmosphere, a sea of air that is in a constant state of flux† (Vickers et al., 2001, p. ix). Within this science exists a wide allay of weather/climatic conditions arising from natural interactions with other factors, products and byproducts, but which triggers a set of hazards that may prove disastrous to the aviator who must operate within the precincts of the atmosphere (Simpson et al., 2002). It is reported in the literature that no one is immune to the everyday oscillations of these meteorological hazards as they sweep across huge sections of the globe before dissipating (Vickers et al., 2001). Meteorological Hazards in Aviation Available literature demonstrates that there exists a multiplicity of weather conditions that qualify as hazards in aviation due to the scope and context of the dangers they present t o the industry (Broc et al., 2005). Some of the most predominant ones include icing, volcanic ash, poor visibility, windshear, heavy rains, lee waves, fronts, thunderstorms, cold weather and deformation zone (World Meteorological Association, 2007). This section samples a few of these meteorological hazards in aviation. Windshear Witiw et al (2003) describe the windshear as â€Å"†¦a sudden shift in wind direction, velocity, or both† (p. 131). These authors also report that the most aggressive expression of the condition occurs in a microburst, which is an intense downburst of cool air generated by, or released from, a large convective cloud. The World Meteorological Organization (2007) defines windshear as â€Å"†¦layers or columns of air, flowing with different velocities (i.e. speed and/or direction) to adjacent layers or columns† (p. 1). Windshear is a foremost hazard for low, slow flying aircraft in either the approach or departure phases due to the comp licated wind patterns occasioned by the downdrafts. As the aircraft glides through the microburst it stumbles upon intense headwinds accompanied by a substantial increase in aerodynamic drift and successive severe downdrafts, ultimately causing it to experience a rapid loss of lift and crash into the ground (Witiw et al., 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, some of the detrimental hazards caused by windshear include: 1) loss of aerodynamic lift and airspeed, making the aircraft to plunge into the ground before corrective action is taken by the flight crew, 2) turbulence especially in light aircraft, and 3) structural damage to the aircraft (Witiw et al., 2003; World Meteorological Organization, 2007). In the United States, the National Transport Safety Board (NTSB) database reveals that nearly 250 accidents involving U.S. aircrafts have been attributed to windshear, wi th 30 of them reported as major (Witiw et al., 2003). Thunderstorms Although one of the most beautiful atmospheric phenomenon (Harding, 2011), extant literature demonstrates that â€Å"†¦no other weather encountered by a pilot can be as violent or threatening as a thunderstorm† (Vickers et al., 2001, p.34). Indeed, thunderstorms generate more threats to the aviation industry and it is always important for the flight crew, air transport safety agencies, meteorologists and other interested stakeholders to not only understand their scope and context, but also how to deal with them effectively. Thunderstorms are generated by the coming together of several ingredients, including: 1) unbalanced air mass, 2) atmospheric moisture in the low levels, 3) some triggering mechanism, e.g. daytime heating or upper level cooling, and 4) other related meteorological vagrancies such as windshear (Vickers et al., 2001). These ingredients interact through a process called convection (transp ort of heat energy) to produce thunderstorms that basically attempt to correct the imbalance generated when the atmosphere becomes heated unevenly (Harding, 2011). It is important to note that there exist different types of thunderstorms that affect the aviation industry. Some of the most common types of include: 1) air mass thunderstorms – form within a worm, moist air mass and are non-frontal in character, 2) frontal thunderstorms – form either as a result of a frontal surface lifting an unbalanced air mass or a stable air mass becoming unbalanced due to the lifting, 3) squall line thunderstorms – aggressive combinations of strong winds, hail, rain and lighting, 4) orographic thunderstorms – occur when moist, unbalanced air is forced up a mountain slope at high pressure, and 5) nocturnal thunderstorms – develop during or persist all night (Vickers et al., 2001). Thunderstorms have the capability to generate hazards that can cause untold suffering in the aviation industry. For instance, â€Å"†¦all thunderstorms can produce severe turbulence, low level windshear, low ceilings and visibilities, hail and lighting† (Harding, 2011, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meteorological Hazards in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is not uncommon to hear news of aircraft that get lost in severe thunderstorms or helicopters that get struck by lightning, implying that each of these conditions can be potentially catastrophic (Broc et al., 2005). Other hazards generated by thunderstorms include ruthless clear icing, extremely profound precipitation, and dangerous electrical releases within and near the thunderstorm cell (Vickers et al., 2001; World Meteorological Organization, 2007). Visibility It is reported in the literature that reduced visibility is the meteorological element which impacts aviation operations the most through cancelled f lights, accidents as well as incidents (Vickers et al., 2001). These authors posit that the aviation industry uses various types of visibility, which include: 1) horizontal visibility – the furthest visibility achieved horizontally in a particular direction by referencing objects or lights at known distances, 2) prevailing visibility – the ground level visibility which is common to one-half or more of the horizon loop, 3) vertical visibility – the maximum visibility achieved by looking vertically upwards into a surface-based impediment such as mist or snow, 4) slant visibility – visibility achieved by looking forward and downwards from the cockpit of the aircraft, and 5) flight visibility – the standard range of visibility at any given time forward form the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. Reduced visibility is caused by a multiplicity of factors, including lithometers (dry particles suspended in the atmosphere, such as haze, smoke, sand and dust) , precipitation, fog (radiation fog, frontal fog, steam fog, advection fog and ice fog), as well as snow squalls and streamers (Vickers et al., 2001). As already mentioned, low visibility leads to flight cancellations, fuel wastage as aircraft is unable to land in designated destination, aircraft damage in midair collisions, and deaths resulting from aircraft accidents (Watson, Ramirez Salud, 2009). Volcanic Ash The 2011 massive flight cancellations in Europe that were triggered by airborne volcanic ash from the Grimsvotn volcano in Iceland prove that volcanic ash is a major hazard to aviation safety at all levels. Indeed, â€Å"†¦like fine-grained mineral dust, volcanic ash affects radiative forcing and climate, public health, vegetation, and can cause property damage and disruption to community infrastructure† (Hadley, Hufford Simpson, 2004, p. 829). The major problem with volcanic ash emanates from the fact that onboard aircraft radars are unable to detect concentra ted ash within or near eruption plumes, leading to life-threatening encounters, huge losses in flight cancellations, and aircraft damage (Simpson et al., 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The damage caused by volcanic ash often calls for expensive repairs or total equipment replacement, thus it is of outmost importance for flight crew to ensure total avoidance of the ash for flight safety. What’s more, the pumice material contained in volcanic dust acts to abrade the aircraft’s leading edges (i.e. wings, struts, and turbine blades) to a point where the aircraft can cause a fatal accident if no replacement is done (Vickers et al., 2001). Icing or Icy Weather Schreiner (2007) acknowledges that â€Å"†¦icy weather, including ice pellets and cloud droplets that freeze on contact, affects air travel all over the world, especially during colder months† (p. 152). Aircraft icing takes place when supercooled water droplets from the atmosphere hit an aircraft whose body temperature is colder than 0oC, crystallizing into ice and occasioning serious detrimental effects that often expose an aviator to the real probability of causing an accident (World Me teorological Association, 2007). The two most important meteorological factors that affect icing include liquid water content of the cloud and temperature structure in the cloud. Some of the detrimental effects caused by icing include: 1) restriction of visibility as windshear glazes over, 2) disturbance of the smooth laminar air flow over the aircraft wings, occasioning a decrease in lift and an increase in the stall speed, 3) increase in aircraft weight and drug, hence decreasing fuel efficiency, and 4) incomplete or absolute blockage of pitot heads and static ports, thereby allowing erroneous instrument readings (Vickers et al., 2001). A study conducted by the NTSB demonstrates that approximately 819 people lost their lives in accidents linked to in-flight icing between 1982 and 2000 (Schreiner, 2007). Heavy Rain Although there is no agreed upon definition regarding rainfall intensity, heavy rainfall is defined in the literature as rates in excess of 4 mm per hours, while heavy s howers are perceived as rates in excess of 10 mm per hour (World Meteorological Association, 2007). Heavy showers, which are often associated with thunderstorms, qualify to be seen in the context of a meteorological hazard to aircraft due to their capacity to not only reduce physical and canopy/windscreen visibility, but also permit water ingestion into the cabin/cockpit/engine partitions of light, non pressurized aircraft, thereby endangering the effective and efficient operations of electronic equipment within the aircraft. There exists a possibility for aircraft turbine engines to ‘flame out’ and cause destructive effects under conditions of extreme rainfall and subsequent water ingestion (World Meteorological Association, 2007). Additionally, it has been reported that intense rainfall affects aircraft braking mechanism and may cause the aircraft to skid off the runway during takeoff and landing (Vickers et al., 2001). Duststorms/Sandstorms Duststorms and sandstorms, according to the World Meteorological Association (2007), are regions of raised dust and sand due to intense wind activity. The particles are propelled to different altitudes depending on the speed, instability and resolution of the wind flow, in line with the principle that smaller and lighter elements are lifted more readily and to much more elevated altitudes than weighty elements. Duststorms and sandstorms bring potentially destructive outcomes in aviation, such as reduced visibility, reduction of engine power in the event of dust and sand ingestion into aircraft engines, costly repairs, and aircraft crash in the event of a complete engine lockdown (Hadley et al., 2004; World Meteorological Association, 2007). Conclusion The paper set out to critically discuss some of the well known meteorological hazards in the aviation industry. It has been sufficiently demonstrated how normal meteorological processes, such as windshear, thunderstorms, visibility, volcanic ash, icing, heavy r ain, as well as duststorms and sandstorms, operate to become potential hazards in aviation. The potentially destructive outcomes arising from the different meteorological processes have been discussed at length, with the results demonstrating that many meteorological hazards lead to loss of life through aircraft accidents, loss of profits through frequent flight cancellations and rescheduling, loss of aircraft through structural damages, as well as costly repairs. It should therefore be the task of meteorology experts to conduct intense awareness campaigns in the aviation industry regarding the serious issues posed by meteorological vulnerabilities. Reference List Broc, A., Delannoy, A., Montreuil, E., Lalande, P., Laroche, P. (2005). Lighting strike to helicopters during winter thunderstorms over North Sea. Aerospace Science Technology, 9(8), 686-691. Hadley, D., Hufford, G.L., Simpson, J.J. (2004). Resuspension of relic volcanic ash and dust from Katmai: Still an aviation hazar d. Weather Forecasting, 19(5), 829-840. Harding, K. (2011). Thunderstorm formation and aviation hazards. National Weather Service. Retrieved from https://aviationweather.gov/general/pubs/front/docs/jul-11.pdf Schreiner, P. (2007). Enhanced icing product to guide aircraft around hazards. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 88(2), 152-154. Simpson, J.J., Hufford, G.L., Pieri, D., Servranckx, R., Berg, J.S., Baver, C. (2002). The February 2001 eruption of Mount Cleveland, Alaska: A case study of an aviation hazard. Weather Forecasting, 17(4) 691-704. Vickers, G., Buzza, S., Schimidt, A., Mullock, J. (2001). The weather of the Canadian Prairies. Ottawa, Ontario: NAV Canada. Watson, A., Ramirez, C.V., Salud, E. (2009). Predicting visibility of aircraft. PLoS ONE, 4(5), 1-16. Witiw, M.R., Lanier, R.C., Crooks, K.A. (2003). Integrating human factors into the human-computer interface: How best to display meteorological information for critical aviation decision-making and performance. Journal of Air Transportation, 8(2), 129-138. World Meteorological Organization. (2007). Aviation Hazards. WMO/TD-No. 1390. Web. This essay on Meteorological Hazards in Aviation was written and submitted by user M1cr0ch1p to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.